Creativity: Research, Development, and Practice

Front Cover
CREATIVITY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND PRACTICE
CREATIVITY: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND PRACTICE
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
1 - Cognition and Creativity
INTRODUCTION
Structure of Intellect
A Convergence–Divergence Continuum
Associative Theory
Dual Process Creativity: Spontaneous and Deliberate
ANALOGICAL THINKING AND METAPHOR
Conceptual Structures and Creative Cognition
OVERINCLUSIVE THINKING
RESTRUCTURING AND INSIGHT
EXPERIENCE, EXPERTISE, INFORMATION, AND INSIGHT
TRANSFORMATIONAL CAPACITY
PROBLEM SOLVING
PROBLEM FINDING
STAGE MODELS
INTUITION
UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES AND CREATIVE COGNITION
MINDFULNESS
Componential Theories
An Interpretative View of Creative Cognition
SYNAESTHESIA
CONCLUSIONS
2 - Personality and Motivation
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIC STUDIES OF PERSONALITY AND CREATIVITY
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
PERSONALITY OF ARTISTS
AUTONOMY, INDEPENDENCE, AND NONCONFORMITY
Indicative and Contraindicative Traits
SELF-CONTROL
CONTROLLED WEIRDNESS AND DEVIANCE
PSYCHOTICISM
IMPULSIVITY AND ADVENTUROUSNESS
CONTRARIANISM
Violations of Expectations
CHILDLIKE TENDENCIES, PLAYFULNESS, DAYDREAMING, AND PARACOSMS
PERSEVERANCE AND PERSISTENCE
OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
ANXIETY
TOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITY
SENSITIVITY
CONFIDENCE
SELF-PROMOTION
INTROVERSION
COMPETITIVENESS
PARADOXICAL PERSONALITIES AND ANTINOMIES
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
MOTIVATION
VALUES
CREATIVE PERSONAL IDENTITY AND CREATIVE PERSONAL EFFICACY
VALUES, RISK TOLERANCE, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ANDROGYNY
CONCLUSIONS
3 - The Psychometrics of Creativity
INTRODUCTION
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
DIVERGENT THINKING TESTS
CRITERION MEASURES OF CREATIVITY
CREATIVE COMPETENCIES
LIKERT SCALES
MANAGERIAL MEASURES
RATINGS BY PARENTS AND TEACHERS
EXPERT RATERS
PRODUCT ASSESSMENT
ADVERTISING
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DOMAIN-SPECIFIC MEASURES
CONCLUSIONS
4 - Biological Perspectives on Creativity
INTRODUCTION
HEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY AND THE SPLIT BRAIN
HANDEDNESS AND HEMISPHERICITY
BRAIN WAVES AND THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
PREFRONTAL CORTEX
Working Memory
Specialization Within the Prefrontal Cortex
HIERARCHIES WITHIN THE BRAIN
THE CEREBELLUM AND CREATIVITY
THE EMOTIONAL BRAIN
MANIPULATIONS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN
THE BRAIN OF ALBERT EINSTEIN
ALTERED STATES AND BRAIN FUNCTION
Hypnosis
Drugs and Creativity
Alcohol
Marijuana and Psilocybin
GENETIC BASIS OF CREATIVE POTENTIAL
The First Candidate Genes for Creativity
Twin and Adoption Studies
Genealogies
INTERSECTIONS, IDIOSYNCRASIES, AND INTERNAL VALIDITY
Exercise and Creativity
Stress and Creativity
CONCLUSIONS
5 - Health and Clinical Perspectives
INTRODUCTION
AFFECTIVE DISORDERS
AFFECT AND MOOD
SUICIDE
Longevity
STRESS
ANXIETY
ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ABUSE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PROCESS
PSYCHOSIS AND PSYCHOTICISM
ADHD AND CREATIVITY
DYSLEXIA AND PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENTS
ADAPTABILITY AND MALADAPTATIONS
Culture, Creativity, and Adaptability
SELF-ACTUALIZATION AND THE COURAGE TO CREATE
SOME TREATMENT OPTIONS
CONCLUSIONS
6 - Social, Attributional, and Organizational Perspectives
INTRODUCTION
SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON ENVIRONMENTS AND SETTINGS
SOCIAL JUDGMENT
CONCERNS WITH SOCIAL AND ATTRIBUTIONAL PERSPECTIVES
BIAS IN SOCIAL JUDGMENT
COLLABORATION AND CREATIVITY
COMPETITION AND CREATIVITY
PERSON–ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS
PROFESSIONAL MARGINALITY
ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE
Optimal Teams
Brainstorming in Teams and Organizations
Virtual Teams
LEADERS AND LEADERSHIP
ORGANIZATIONAL ATTITUDE
Meta-analysis of Organizational Factors
COMMUNITARIANISM AND CREATIVITY
AGGREGATE CREATIVITY AND SOCIETY AT LARGE
HUMAN CAPITAL AND THE CREATIVE CLASS
CONCLUSIONS
7 - Culture and Creativity
INTRODUCTION
COLLECTIVISM AND CREATIVITY
CULTURE, SOCIALIZATION, AND VALUES
CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON ERROR
STOP RULES, CONVENTIONS, AND CULTURAL INHIBITION
TOLERANCE, TALENT, AND TECHNOLOGY
Bilingualism
Cultural Marginality and Cultural Mingling
EMPIRICAL COMPARISONS OF CULTURES
Age Differences Within Culture
CULTURE, FAMILY, AND EDUCATION
CULTURAL TRADITIONS AND CREATIVITY
CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESS
CULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES
IMPLICIT THEORIES
CULTURAL METAPHORS FOR CREATIVITY
CONCLUSIONS
8 - History and Historiometry
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL ANALYSES
PREHISTORY
THE EARLIEST CREATIVITY?
ANCIENT HISTORY
ROMANTICISM
INFLUENCES ON HISTORY AND CREATIVITY
A GENIUS AHEAD OF HIS OR HER TIME?
MULTIPLE DISCOVERIES AND SIMULTANEITIES
Is it Chance or Is it Inevitable?
SERENDIPITY
TOOLS AND CREATIVITY
LAMARCKIAN EVOLUTION AND CHANGE
DOMAIN DIFFERENCES AND DOMAIN-SPECIFIC MICROGEISTER
ECONOMIC CHANGES INFLUENCING CULTURE AND HISTORY
The Clockwork Muse
Catastrophe and Opportunity
CREATIVITY IN PORTLAND, OREGON
WAR AND RELIGION
TRIGGER EFFECTS AND EMERGENESIS
MATTHEW, PYGMALION, AND FOUNDER EFFECTS
THE INDIVIDUAL IN HISTORY
HISTORIOMETRY
LIMITATIONS AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE HISTORICAL APPROACH
REPUTATIONAL PATHS
Misjudgment
Judgments by Famous Creative People
ART HISTORY
SOCIAL CONTEXTS CHANGE THROUGH HISTORY
CONCLUSIONS
9 - Creativity and Politics
CREATIVE POLITICAL PRODUCTS
WHICH SPECIFIC POLITICAL FACTORS INFLUENCE CREATIVITY?
INDIVIDUALISM AND FREEDOM
POLITICAL EVENTS
Personality
CONSERVATISM
Liberalism
Practical Implications
CONCLUSIONS
10 - Developmental Trends and Influences on Creativity
INTRODUCTION
TRENDS AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Not Everyone Slumps
Piagetian Theory
Adversity
WATCHING TV OR STREAMING AT HOME
The Family
Family Structure and Process
Socioeconomic Factors
Parental Variables
Parental Implicit Theories of Creativity
Parental Creativity
PEER STATUS AND CREATIVITY
ADULT DEVELOPMENT
Postformal Stage and Problem Finding
Old Age Style
CONCLUSIONS
11 - Educational Perspectives
INTRODUCTION
THE IDEAL STUDENT
IMPLICIT THEORIES OF TEACHERS
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT AND SETTING
TEACHERS AND MENTORS
Remote Models
Squelchers
Immunizing Students
EGO STRENGTH AND SELF-EFFICACY
CREATIVE ATTITUDES
PROBLEM FINDING AND EDUCATION
ENHANCING IMAGERY AND ARTISTIC SKILLS
BRAINSTORMING
INFORMATION AND CREATIVITY
EXPLICIT INSTRUCTIONS
LEARNING THEORIES
Operant Theory
GOODBYE TEACHER
GENERALIZATION AND MAINTENANCE
PREPARING STUDENTS FOR THE UNFORESEEABLE FUTURE
SPECIAL POPULATIONS
GIFTED STUDENTS
CONCLUSIONS
12 - Enhancement and the Fulfillment of Potential
INTRODUCTION
TACTICAL CREATIVITY AND METACOGNITION
SHIFT PERSPECTIVES
TURN THE SITUATION UPSIDE DOWN
FIND OR APPLY AN ANALOGY
BORROW, ADAPT, OR STEAL TACTICS
CONSIDER THE NATURAL WORLD
SIMPLIFY
EXPERIMENT
DEVIATION AMPLIFICATION
PERSIST
TRAVEL
QUESTION ASSUMPTIONS
REDEFINE THE PROBLEM OR SITUATION
Change the Representation
Change the Level of Analysis
Zoom In, or Zoom Out
KEEP AN OPEN MIND
CONTRARIANISM
DON'T BE A DAMN FOOL
LET IT HAPPEN
AVOIDANCE TACTICS
FLEXIBLE USE OF TACTICS
DREAMING AND IMAGERY
PROGRAMS AND MULTIPLE STEP METHODS FOR CREATIVE THINKING
Synectics
Creative Problem-Solving
Lateral Thinking
Bed, Bath, and the Bus
IDEAL
Brainstorming
Simplexity
ODYSSEY OF THE MIND
TACTICS FOR ORGANIZATIONS
Barriers and Blocks in the Natural Environment
ENHANCEMENT IN THE CLASSROOM
CREATIVITY AND EDUCATION OF OLDER ADULTS
TACTICS SPECIFICALLY FOR DISCOVERY
TECHNIQUES FOR INVENTION
TRIZ
ANALYSES OF ENHANCEMENT EFFORTS
CONCLUSIONS
A Continuum of Effort
13 - Creativity and Philosophy
PHILOSOPHY IN EVERYDAY DECISION-MAKING
Making Courageous Decisions
Philosophy as Worldview
SUBJECTIVITY AND OBJECTIVITY
EXISTENTIALISM AND THE CREATIVE SYNTHESIS OF OPPOSITES
TRANSCENDENCE
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
PHILOSOPHY AND ART
PRAGMATISM
CONCLUSIONS
14 - Conclusion: What Creativity Is and What It Is Not
INTRODUCTION
CREATIVITY AND INTELLIGENCE
Threshold Theory
IMAGINATION
ORIGINALITY
INNOVATION AND CREATIVITY
INVENTION VERSUS CREATIVITY
DISCOVERY AND CREATIVITY
DISCOVERY OF CHAOS
SERENDIPITY AND INTENTIONS
CREATIVITY AS IRRATIONAL OR RATIONAL
PSEUDO-CREATIVITY
ADAPTABILITY AND CREATIVITY
Evolutionary Theories
ART AND MATING-DISPLAY AND THE REPRODUCTIVE BENEFITS
Aesthetic Evolution
FLEXIBILITY
DISTRIBUTION OF CREATIVE TALENTS
IS CREATIVITY ONLY FOR HUMANS?
PROACTIVE CREATIVITY
CONCLUSIONS
References
Index
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